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abyssal zone
The abyssal zone is the abyssopelagic layer or pelagic zone that contains the very deep benthic communities near the bottom of oceans. "Abyss" derives from the Greek word ἄβυσσος, meaning bottomless. At depths of 4,000 to 6,000 metres (13,123 to 19,685 feet), this zone remains in perpetual darkness and never receives daylight. These regions are also characterised by continuous cold and lack of nutrients. The abyssal zone has temperatures around 2 °C to 3 °C (35 °F to 37 °F) through the large majority of its mass.〔 It is the deeper part of the ''midnight zone'' which starts in the bathypelagic waters above.
Its permanent inhabitants (for example, ''Riftia pachyptila'', (the Giant tube worm) found near hydrothermal vents in the pacific ocean) and the giant squid are able to withstand the immense pressures of the ocean depths, up to .〔
The area below the abyssal zone is the sparsely inhabited Hadal zone. The zone above is the bathyal zone.〔
==Trenches==
(詳細はMariana Trench in the Pacific) are almost unexplored.〔 Previously, only the bathyscaphe ''Trieste'', the remote control submarine ''Kaiko'' and the ''Nereus'' have been able to descend to these depths.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.bathyscaphtrieste.com/ )〕 However, as of March 25, 2012 one vehicle, the ''Deepsea Challenger'' was able to penetrate to a depth of 10,898.4 metres (35,756 ft).
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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